Wannan labarin daga Wenzhou Tianyu Electronic Co., Ltd. ya bayyana abin da za a yi la'akari da shi lokacin da aka ƙayyade karafa don walda bakin karfe.
Ƙarfin da ke sa bakin karfe ya zama mai ban sha'awa - ikon daidaita kaddarorin injinsa da juriya ga lalata da iskar shaka - kuma yana haɓaka rikitaccen zaɓin ƙarfe mai filler da ya dace don walda.Ga kowane haɗin kayan tushe da aka bayar, kowane ɗayan nau'ikan na'urorin lantarki da yawa na iya zama dacewa, dangane da batutuwan farashi, yanayin sabis, kayan aikin injiniyan da ake buƙata da tarin batutuwa masu alaƙa da walda.
Wannan labarin yana ba da mahimman bayanan fasaha don baiwa mai karatu godiya ga sarƙaƙƙiyar maudu'in sannan ya amsa wasu tambayoyi na yau da kullun da ake yi na masu samar da ƙarfe.Yana kafa jagororin gabaɗaya don zaɓar madaidaitan ƙarfe na bakin karfe - sannan yayi bayanin duk keɓantawa ga waɗannan jagororin!Labarin bai shafi hanyoyin walda ba, saboda wannan batu ne na wani labarin.
Maki huɗu, abubuwa masu haɗawa da yawa
Akwai manyan nau'ikan bakin karafa guda hudu:
austenitic
martensitic
ferritic
Duplex
An samo sunayen ne daga tsarin crystalline na karfe wanda aka saba samu a dakin daki.Lokacin da ƙananan ƙarfe na carbon yana mai zafi sama da 912degC, atom ɗin ƙarfe ana sake tsara su daga tsarin da ake kira ferrite a yanayin zafi zuwa tsarin crystal da ake kira austenite.A kan sanyaya, atom ɗin suna komawa ga ainihin tsarin su, ferrite.Tsarin zafin jiki mai girma, austenite, ba Magnetic ba ne, filastik kuma yana da ƙananan ƙarfi da mafi girman ductility fiye da yanayin zafin dakin na ferrite.
Lokacin da fiye da 16% chromium aka ƙara zuwa karfe, dakin zafin jiki tsarin crystalline, ferrite, yana da kwanciyar hankali kuma karfe ya kasance a cikin yanayin ferritic a duk yanayin zafi.Don haka ana amfani da sunan bakin karfe na ferritic akan wannan tushe na gami.Lokacin da aka ƙara fiye da 17% chromium da 7% nickel a cikin ƙarfe, tsarin kristal mai zafi na karfe, austenite, yana daidaitawa ta yadda zai ci gaba a duk yanayin zafi daga mafi ƙasƙanci zuwa kusan narkewa.
Bakin karfe na Austenitic ana kiransa nau'in 'chrome-nickel', kuma nau'in karfen martensitic da ferritic ana kiransa nau'in 'chrome madaidaiciya'.Wasu abubuwan haɗakarwa da ake amfani da su a cikin bakin karfe da weld karafa suna nuna halin austenite stabilizers da sauran su a matsayin ferrite stabilisers.Mafi mahimmanci austenite stabilizers sune nickel, carbon, manganese da nitrogen.Matsalolin ferrite sune chromium, silicon, molybdenum da niobium.Daidaita abubuwan haɗin gwiwa yana sarrafa adadin ferrite a cikin ƙarfen walda.
Makin Austenitic sun fi saurin walƙiya da gamsarwa fiye da waɗanda ke ɗauke da ƙasa da 5% nickel.Weld gidajen abinci samar a austenitic bakin karafa suna da ƙarfi, ductile da tauri a matsayin-welded yanayin.Ba sa buƙatar maganin zafin zafin jiki ko bayan walda.Makin Austenitic yana da kusan kashi 80% na bakin karfen da aka yi masa walda, kuma wannan labarin gabatarwa yana mai da hankali sosai a kansu.
Tebur 1: Nau'in bakin karfe da chromium da abun ciki na nickel.
fara{c,80%}
thead{Nau'i|% Chromium|% Nickel|Nau'i}
tdata{Austenitic|16 - 30%|8 - 40%|200, 300}
tdata{Martensitic|11 - 18%|0 - 5%|403, 410, 416, 420}
tdata{Ferritic|11 - 30%|0 - 4%|405, 409, 430, 422, 446}
tdata{Duplex|18 - 28%|4 - 8%|2205}
tada{}
Yadda ake zabar madaidaicin karfen filler
Idan kayan tushe a cikin faranti biyu iri ɗaya ne, ƙa'idar jagora ta asali ta kasance, 'Fara ta daidaita kayan tushe.'Wannan yana aiki da kyau a wasu lokuta;don shiga Nau'in 310 ko 316, zaɓi nau'in filler mai dacewa.
Don haɗa kayan da ba su da kamanni, bi wannan ƙa'idar jagora: 'zaɓi filler don dacewa da kayan da aka fi so.'Don shiga 304 zuwa 316, zaɓi filler 316.
Abin takaici, 'ka'idar wasa' tana da keɓantawa da yawa wanda mafi kyawun ƙa'ida ita ce, Tuntuɓi tebur zaɓin ƙarfe mai filler.Misali, Nau'in 304 shine kayan tushe na bakin karfe na yau da kullun, amma babu wanda ke bayar da nau'in 304 na lantarki.
Yadda weld Type 304 bakin karfe ba tare da Nau'in lantarki na 304 ba
Don weld Type 304 bakin, yi amfani da nau'in nau'in nau'in 308, saboda ƙarin abubuwan haɗin gwiwa a cikin Nau'in 308 zai fi daidaita yankin walda.
Koyaya, 308L shima filler ne mai karɓuwa.Sunan 'L' bayan kowane Nau'i yana nuna ƙarancin abun ciki na carbon.Bakin Nau'in Nau'in 3XXL yana da abun ciki na carbon na 0.03% ko ƙasa da haka, yayin da daidaitaccen nau'in 3XX na bakin zai iya samun matsakaicin adadin carbon na 0.08%.
Saboda nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in L ya faɗi cikin rarrabuwa iri ɗaya da samfuran da ba na L ba, masu ƙirƙira za su iya, kuma yakamata suyi la'akari sosai, ta amfani da nau'in nau'in nau'in L saboda ƙananan abun ciki na carbon yana rage haɗarin batutuwan lalata intergranular.A zahiri, marubutan sun yi iƙirarin cewa za a fi amfani da filler Type L idan masu ƙirƙira kawai sun sabunta hanyoyin su.
Masu masana'anta da ke amfani da tsarin GMAW na iya yin la'akari da yin amfani da filler Nau'in 3XXSi, saboda ƙari na silicon yana inganta jika.A cikin yanayin da weld ɗin yana da kambi mai tsayi ko ƙaƙƙarfan, ko kuma inda kududdufin walda ba ya ɗaure da kyau a cikin yatsun fillet ko haɗin gwiwa, ta amfani da na'urar Si Type GMAW na iya santsi ƙullin walda da haɓaka mafi kyawun haɗuwa.
Idan hazo carbide yana da damuwa, yi la'akari da nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in 347, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙananan adadin niobium.
Yadda ake weld bakin karfe zuwa carbon karfe
Wannan yanayin yana faruwa a aikace-aikace inda yanki ɗaya na tsarin yana buƙatar fuskar waje mai juriya da lalata ta haɗe da tsarin tsarin ƙarfe na carbon don rage farashi.Lokacin haɗuwa da kayan tushe ba tare da abubuwan haɗawa zuwa kayan tushe tare da abubuwan haɗawa ba, yi amfani da filler akan allo don haka dilution a cikin ma'aunin ƙarfe na weld ko kuma ya fi alloy sosai fiye da ƙarfe tushe.
Don haɗuwa da ƙarfe na carbon zuwa Nau'in 304 ko 316, da kuma haɗa nau'in bakin karfe iri ɗaya, la'akari da Nau'in 309L na lantarki don yawancin aikace-aikace.Idan ana son abun cikin Cr mafi girma, la'akari da Nau'in 312.
A matsayin bayanin kula, bakin karfe na austenitic yana nuna adadin faɗaɗawa wanda yakai kusan kashi 50 cikin ɗari fiye da na carbon karfe.Lokacin da aka haɗa shi, ƙimar faɗaɗa daban-daban na iya haifar da tsagewa saboda damuwa na ciki sai dai idan an yi amfani da daidaitaccen lantarki da hanyar walda.
Yi amfani da daidaitattun hanyoyin tsaftacewa na shirye-shiryen walda
Kamar yadda yake tare da sauran karafa, da farko cire mai, maiko, alamomi da datti tare da kaushi mara chlorinated.Bayan haka, ƙa'idar farko na shirye-shiryen bakin walda shine 'Kauce wa gurɓataccen ƙarfe daga carbon karfe don hana lalata.'Wasu kamfanoni suna amfani da gine-gine daban-daban don 'kantinsu na bakin karfe' da 'kantin carbon' don hana kamuwa da cuta.
Sanya ƙafafun niƙa da goga marasa ƙarfi a matsayin 'bakin ƙarfe kawai' lokacin shirya gefuna don walda.Wasu hanyoyin suna kira don tsaftace inci biyu baya daga haɗin gwiwa.Shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa kuma yana da mahimmanci, saboda ramawa ga rashin daidaituwa tare da magudin lantarki yana da wuya fiye da carbon karfe.
Yi amfani da madaidaicin hanyar tsaftacewa bayan walda don hana tsatsa
Don farawa, tuna abin da ke sa bakin karfe ya zama bakin karfe: amsawar chromium tare da oxygen don samar da kariya mai kariya na chromium oxide a saman kayan.Tsatsa maras kyau saboda hazo carbide (duba ƙasa) kuma saboda tsarin walda yana dumama ƙarfen walda har zuwa inda ferritic oxide zai iya samuwa a saman walda.Hagu a yanayin walda, daidaitaccen walƙiya na iya nuna 'wagon wagon na tsatsa' a iyakokin yankin da zafi ya shafa cikin ƙasa da sa'o'i 24.
Domin sabon Layer na chromium oxide mai tsafta zai iya gyara yadda ya kamata, bakin karfe yana buƙatar tsaftacewa bayan walda ta hanyar gogewa, ƙwanƙwasa, niƙa ko gogewa.Bugu da ƙari, yi amfani da injin niƙa da goga waɗanda aka keɓe don aikin.
Me yasa bakin karfe walda waya magnetic?
Cikakken austenitic bakin karfe ba Magnetic bane.Koyaya, yanayin yanayin walda yana haifar da ƙaramin hatsi a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda ke haifar da walda yana da ƙarfi.Don rage hankali ga fashe mai zafi, masana'antun lantarki suna ƙara abubuwa masu haɗawa, gami da ferrite.Lokaci na ferrite yana haifar da ƙwayar austenitic don zama mafi kyau, don haka weld ɗin ya zama mai jurewa.
Maganar maganadisu ba za ta manne a spool na austenitic bakin filler ba, amma mutumin da ke riƙe da maganadisu na iya jin ɗan ja saboda ferrite da ke riƙe.Abin baƙin ciki shine, wannan yana sa wasu masu amfani suyi tunanin cewa samfurin nasu an yi kuskure ko kuma suna amfani da ƙarfe mara kyau (musamman idan sun yage alamar daga kwandon waya).
Madaidaicin adadin ferrite a cikin lantarki ya dogara da zafin sabis na aikace-aikacen.Misali, ferrite da yawa yana sa walda ya rasa taurinsa a ƙananan yanayin zafi.Don haka, Nau'in filler na 308 don aikace-aikacen bututun LNG yana da lambar ferrite tsakanin 3 da 6, idan aka kwatanta da lambar ferrite na 8 don daidaitaccen nau'in nau'in 308.A takaice, karafa masu filler na iya zama kama da farko, amma ƙananan bambance-bambance a cikin abun da ke ciki suna da mahimmanci.
Shin akwai hanya mai sauƙi don walda bakin karfen duplex?
Yawanci, duplex bakin karfe suna da microstructure wanda ya ƙunshi kusan 50% ferrite da 50% austenite.A cikin sauƙi mai sauƙi, ferrite yana ba da ƙarfin ƙarfi da wasu juriya ga lalata lalata yayin da austenite ke ba da ƙarfi mai kyau.Fuskokin biyu a hade suna ba wa karfen duplex ɗin su kyawawan kaddarorinsu.Akwai nau'i-nau'i na nau'i na nau'i mai nau'i na duplex, wanda aka fi sani da nau'in 2205;Wannan ya ƙunshi 22% chromium, 5% nickel, 3% molybdenum da 0.15% nitrogen.
A lokacin walda duplex bakin karfe, matsaloli na iya tasowa idan weld karfe yana da yawa ferrite (zafi daga baka sa atoms shirya kansu a cikin wani ferrite matrix).Don ramawa, ƙananan ƙarfe suna buƙatar haɓaka tsarin austenitic tare da abun ciki mai girma, yawanci 2 zuwa 4% ƙarin nickel fiye da a cikin ƙarfen tushe.Misali, waya mai juyi don waldawa Nau'in 2205 na iya samun 8.85% nickel.
Abubuwan da ake so na ferrite na iya zuwa daga 25 zuwa 55% bayan walda (amma yana iya zama mafi girma).Lura cewa adadin sanyaya dole ne ya kasance a hankali don ƙyale austenite yayi gyare-gyare, amma ba jinkirin don ƙirƙirar matakan tsaka-tsaki ba, kuma ba da sauri ba don ƙirƙirar ferrite da yawa a cikin yankin da zafi ya shafa.Bi hanyoyin shawarwarin masana'anta don tsarin walda da ƙarfe da aka zaɓa.
Daidaita sigogi lokacin walda bakin karfe
Ga masu ƙirƙira waɗanda ke daidaita sigogi akai-akai (ƙarfin wutar lantarki, amperage, tsayin baka, inductance, faɗin bugun jini, da sauransu) lokacin walda bakin karfe, mai laifi na yau da kullun ba daidai ba ne.Ganin mahimmancin haɗakar abubuwa, bambance-bambancen yawa-zuwa-yawa a cikin abun da ke cikin sinadarai na iya samun tasiri mai tasiri akan aikin walda, kamar rashin jika mara kyau ko kuma wahalar sakin slag.Bambance-bambance a diamita na lantarki, tsabtar saman ƙasa, simintin simintin gyare-gyare da helix kuma suna shafar aiki a aikace-aikacen GMAW da FCAW.
Sarrafa sarrafa hazo carbide a cikin bakin karfe austenitic
A yanayin zafi a cikin kewayon 426-871degC, abun cikin carbon da ya wuce 0.02% yana ƙaura zuwa iyakokin hatsi na tsarin austenitic, inda yake amsawa tare da chromium don samar da chromium carbide.Idan chromium yana daure tare da carbon, ba a samuwa don juriya na lalata.Lokacin da aka fallasa shi zuwa yanayin lalata, sakamakon lalatawar intergranular, yana barin iyakokin hatsi su cinye.
Don sarrafa hazo carbide, kiyaye abun cikin carbon a matsayin ƙasa kaɗan (mafi girman 0.04%) ta walda tare da ƙananan lantarki na carbon.Hakanan ana iya haɗa carbon da niobium (tsohon columbium) da titanium, waɗanda ke da kusanci ga carbon fiye da chromium.Nau'in 347 electrodes an yi su ne don wannan dalili.
Yadda za a shirya don tattaunawa game da zaɓin ƙarfe na filler
Aƙalla, tattara bayanai kan ƙarshen amfani da ɓangaren walda, gami da yanayin sabis (musamman yanayin yanayin aiki, fallasa abubuwa masu lalata da matakin juriya na lalata) da rayuwar sabis ɗin da ake so.Bayani kan kaddarorin inji da ake buƙata a yanayin aiki yana taimakawa sosai, gami da ƙarfi, tauri, ductility da gajiya.
Yawancin manyan masana'antun lantarki suna ba da littattafan jagora don zaɓin ƙarfe mai filler, kuma mawallafa ba za su iya ƙara jaddada wannan batu ba: tuntuɓi jagorar aikace-aikacen ƙarfe mai filler ko tuntuɓi ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masana'anta.Suna nan don taimakawa tare da zabar madaidaicin lantarki na bakin karfe.
Don ƙarin bayani game da TYUE's bakin karfe filler karafa da kuma tuntuɓi masana na kamfanin don shawara, je zuwa www.tyuelec.com.
Lokacin aikawa: Dec-23-2022